Income Tax and the IRS

Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders - 1770 Words

Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders need to learn the academic and social skills that will prepare them for future jobs, just as typically developing students do. The term â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorders,† or ASD, refers to a group of disorders with specific characteristics including deficits with communication and socialization, repetitive behaviors, and limited or restricted interests. As much as possible, students with this disorder are typically mainstreamed, or included in, general education classes to improve their social behaviors and communication. Mainstreaming students with autism has positive benefits for their peers as well. Depending on the severity, students may also benefit academically from inclusion. However, since†¦show more content†¦How Autism was diagnosed changed, and the term â€Å"Autism† started to be considered as a wide spectrum of disabilities (Daily 1). The Education for All Children Act was passed in 1975 and it guaranteed a â€Å"free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment† (Dybvik 2). This means that in public education, an autistic student would be able to be educated with their nondisabled peers in the general education as much as possible. The Education for All Children Act was updated y the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1997 (Dybvik 3). The IDEA added Autism as a category. As a result, over sixty-five thousand students with Autism across the country were educated in inclusive environments (Daily 1). Since the discovery of Autism, research has shown that the severity of disability can be very different in individual students. Therefore, children that may have once been excluded from general education can be mainstreamed more. Mainstreaming children with ASD will help these children grow socially. They will be introduced to typically developing children, and this helps ASD students to work on their social development (Haiduac 29). One thing that helps these students develop socially is the use of their peers as role models (Haiduac 29). They observe other behaviors and change the way they act accordingly (Haiduac 29). Heather McIntyre, who is a mother of a second grader with ASD, says that her son Kellen has

An Enlightening Experience Free Essays

How often do we appreciate our parents for the advice they gave us? Hardly ever! How often do we turn a deaf ear to their advice? Very often! I believe that is a unanimous answer given by most of us and very often, we will get ourselves into serious trouble or land ourselves in a situation where we greatly regret our act of not having listened to the advice of the wise. I can vividly recall such an unforgettable experience that I had when I was a young child of 12 years old and since that experience, I will never go against the wishes of my mother. When I was a child, I had lived in Georgetown with my mother. We will write a custom essay sample on An Enlightening Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our house was right next to the woods which had always stirred up great curiosity in me in wanting to find out what dwelt within. My father had deceased by the time I was 12 and I had lived alone with my mother. I supposed it was because I was the only child; she had loved me greatly and was very protective over me. She did not like the idea of me wandering off on my own and always ensured that I was in the safety region of her sight. Even if she allowed me to explore the vicinity on my own, it was only to be somewhere within the circumference of the house. Being as curious as the cat, I had always desired to explore the interior of the woods next door. It was as if my mother had understood my desire, she had warned me on numerous occasions never to enter the woods. â€Å"Mum, can I go out and play in the garden? † I asked. â€Å"Donnie,† she would reply each time. â€Å"You can play in the garden but you must promise me never to go into the woods next door where the loggers are cutting and clearing the land. It is too dangerous for a little girl like you. † â€Å"Sure, you’ve said that many times! † I answered in amazement at her repeated reminders. â€Å"You know I’ve always stayed away from there! However, curiosity got the better of me one day. I was playing near the woods as usual when I heard laughter and people talking loudly. I listened intently and discovered that it was coming from within the woods. I wondered who that could be. Ignoring my mother’s constant reminders, I decide d to enter the forbidden world. For once, I had disobeyed my mother but I was filled with great excitement. Very cautiously, I crept towards the sound. I came to an area where there were around six brawny men having their tea break under a tall tree and next to them were many felled trees. Not far from them, there were also many colourful flowers with beautiful butterflies flittering around them. At that moment, I still had no inclination of the trouble that would soon befall on me. I was filled with awe at the beauty of the miniature garden before me. I skipped over to the flowers and started chasing after the butterflies. I was filled with elation and started to become braver as I frolicked gaily in the woods. The men did not bother about me as they thought I was not in their way and they continued with their tea and conversation. The beautiful and gigantic butterfly that I was chasing after started to fly over to the felled trees. Not wanting to lose sight of it, I decided to follow suit. I had even climbed up and walked along a downed log in an attempt to catch the butterfly when suddenly I lost my footing and fell off the log. I screamed in agony when I landed because I was not on the hard forest floor as I had expected to. Instead, I had fallen on an axe that was facing up. Apparently, the loggers had left their axes on the floor when they went for their break. When they saw me playing earlier, they had not expected me to go so near to the downed logs. My cries of pain and fear had undoubtedly attracted their attention and concern as they rushed over to my side. By then, blood was flowing profusely from my left leg where a three inch cut had appeared. The pain was unbearable and I almost fainted from the sight of the fresh blood. However, what was more horrifying was the thought of how I should tell my mother about the incident! I had disobeyed her and landed myself in harm’s way. I should have listened to her sound advice and stayed far away from the woods. I was afraid to face my mother but I know the blood had to be stopped and the wound need to be treated. As I thought of the situation I had landed myself into, I started to howl loud which terrified the men who thought I must have been in tremendous pain and shock. The men tried to sooth my loud crying and to stop the blood flow at the same time. Instantly, there was panic among them as each of them tried to help but in vain. Finally, one of them tied my handkerchief around the wound and the blood was temporarily stopped but it was obvious that I needed some stitching for my deep cut. He carried me out of the woods and took me back to my house. Along the way, I was sobbing quietly, petrified with the thought of facing my mother and what she would say to my mischief. Fortunately for me, my mother was too concern with my injury to reprimand me. After thanking the logger for his help, my mother rushed me to the nearest hospital where I received eight stitches on my left leg. I also received a punishment of not being allowed out of the house for an entire month but I know I had deserved it. I could not believe that an innocent walk in the woods could have landed me in such a plight where I could even have been killed by the axe had it pierced right through my heart! The mere thought of the close shave still sends shudders down my spine. The scar on my left leg is not only a permanent reminder of the incident but also a deterrence for me from any further desire to turn a deaf ear to my mother’s advice. Needless to say, she never had to remind me again of the need to stay away from the woods for I never step foot into it ever again. Nor does she ever have to repeat her advice for me as I know that Mum will always know what is best for me because she is the more experience one. How to cite An Enlightening Experience, Papers

Threat of new entrants free essay sample

Sufficient suppliers to support new entrants: a fragmented industry means there are sufficient suppliers for new entrants to â€Å"discover† to build relationships with, and even Winestyr’s existing customers would probably want to build additional distribution channels 3. Easy for existing brick and mortar sellers to enter as they already have a customer base and are likely to have industry/regulation knowledge as well Bargaining Power of Suppliers Could potentially increase in the future when there are new competitors in the market and Winestyr’s existing suppliers are likely to try building additional distribution channels Bargaining Power of Buyers 1. High – ecommerce implies easy comparison of prices, high customer acquisition costs for Winestyr but close to zero for buyers to compare prices and â€Å"jump† to another site (it’s almost a perfectly competitive market) 2. However, if they are targeting buyers who are eager enough to find out about craft wines and related information, Winestyr could extract value by being a â€Å"value-add† seller and not just an ecommerce site Threat of Substitutes (Complements) – 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Threat of new entrants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Beer, spirits, non alcoholic options 2. Other online wine sellers 3. Potential complements – wine pairing sites, culinary institutions (for educational/marketing purposes), food sites etc. Threat of new entrants . Sufficient suppliers to support new entrants: a fragmented industry means there are sufficient suppliers for new entrants to â€Å"discover† to build relationships with, and even Winestyr’s existing customers would probably want to build additional distribution channels 3. Easy for existing brick and mortar sellers to enter as they already have a customer base and are likely to have industry/regulation knowledge as well Bargaining Power of Suppliers Currently low – fragmented industry 2. Could potentially increase in the future when there are new competitors in the market and Winestyr’s existing suppliers are likely to try building additional distribution channels Bargaining Power of Buyers 1. High – ecommerce implies easy comparison of prices, high customer acquisition costs for Winestyr but close to zero for buyers to compare prices and â€Å"jump† to another site (it’s almost a perfectly competitive market).

List of Job Search Resources for College Students

image source: flazingoBefore you can land your ideal post-college job, you need to do some serious work. The job hunt is a trying, emotional, challenging, and time-consuming process. But don’t fret; we can help.Here is your all inclusive job search guide. We’ll tell you everything you need to know about the process.Best Blogs for College Students during the Job SearchYou might be relieved that your college career is finally coming to a close. However, the education portion of your life is never-ending. While you are job searching, you’ll want to follow the tips and suggestions of people who have been-there and done-that. Check out†¦Lindsey Pollak – A millennial workplace expert, Lindsey is an author, corporate consultant, keynote speaker and career expert. Follow her blog and get tips on just about every aspect of the job hunt.Fast Company – One of the most important aspects of the interview process is showing you are knowledgeable and w ell-versed on a variety of topics. Fast Company can help you educate you on everything from economics and business innovations to technology and design.Office Politics – Once you land the job, you’ll need to know how to play nicely with your co-workers. Learn from the mistakes of others and avoid the office drama!Job Market Blog at New York Times – Not only does the Job Market page of the New York Times help you hunt for jobs, it also offers valuable tips, tricks, and office-place insight. Read up!Using Social Media as a Job Search ToolUp until now, you’ve probably used social media as a way to stay connected with family and friends. As a college graduate, it is time to switch gears. Now, your social media profiles are all about job prospecting.First, you must heed a word of warning. Read this article: 6 Reasons Social Media Got People Fired. Don’t lose your first job before it begins!Now, let’s break it down into specific social netw orks.LinkedInJordan Friedman, a student at Emory University, shared tips from his personal experience with Huffington Post. Read his thoughts here: Job Networking Through Social Media: The Advantages of LinkedIn for College StudentsThe LinkedIn blog also shared exciting news: Introducing LinkedIn Student Job Portal: Helping recent graduates find jobs easilyFacebookFacebook is about more than sharing pictures from last night’s frat party. The network also has great tools for networking and career advancement. How to Use Facebook’s Graph Search to Supercharge Your Professional Network has more tips.If you want even more tips on using Facebook for job searching, check out this article: 5 Ways to Use Facebook to Get HiredTwitterThis article, 20 Twitter Resources for Job Hunters, is jam-packed with useful tips. It includes links to organizations publicizing job postings, people offering career advice, influencers and advisors, and more.How to Write a ResumeWhile you are editing, purging and beefing up your social profiles, you also need to start working on your resume.Most college students have very little career experience. That can leave your resume feeling a little flat. Here are some articles that will help your resume shine.How to Write a Resume When Youre Just Out of CollegeFive Resume Tips for College StudentsIf those aren’t helpful enough, here is something quite unique: The Damn Good Resume Guide. This fill-in-the-blank guide is a resume workbook for college students and recent grads. It includes ten easy steps for writing a G-R-R-REAT resume (their words, not ours!).Finding the Perfect JobOnce you start looking for jobs, you’ll quickly become overwhelmed by the amount of job boards available.Some of the most popular include:Glass DoorNational Labor ExchangeMonsterCareer BuilderIf you think freelancing is the way to go, you can check these 17 Job Boards for Freelancers. If you studied well and wrote college papers by your self (surprise, surprise!), you have the opportunity to try yourself as a researcher or a writer/editor for a college paper writing service. This is how Ive got my first job actually.As we mentioned before, social media is a great resource for job hunters. To take that idea one step further, there are several websites that help turn Twitter into a job board.Tweet My Jobs – After entering a bit of information regarding your ideal job, Tweet My Jobs will send you personalized job listings.If you are still in college, looking for a part-time job, you’ll want to check out Snag a Job. This site is also good for finding a temporary job for the summer to hold you over until something â€Å"better† comes along.In addition to the major job boards, you’ll definitely need to check out the sites specifically designed with the college student in mind. These job boards feature opportunities that are perfect for entry-level positions.Career RookieCollege RecruiterAft er CollegeBrightPrepping for the InterviewOnce you’ve gone through all the trouble of searching and applying for a job, you’ll want to be extra certain the interview process goes as smoothly as possible. Here are some tips for navigating your first post-college job interview.First, you’ll need to mentally prepare yourself for the process. Here’s how: 14 Tips For Staying Calm During A Job Interview.Andy Chan, the Vice President for Personal Career Development at Wake Forest University shares his tips in an article titled Top 10 Interview Tips for New College Graduates.In addition to knowing what you should do, you’ll also want to know what you shouldn’t do: Common Interviewing Mistakes College Students Make.Don’t worry, we won’t leave you hanging. If you do commit one of those blunders, there are ways to save-face. Read this article: How to Overcome 6 Interview Screw-UpsHow you look is nearly as important as what you say du ring the interview process. Here are some great articles that will help ensure your appearance is as impressive as your resume:How To Dress For Your Next Job InterviewThe Best And Worst Colors To Wear To A Job InterviewThe Final StepUltimately, the job search process leads up to one thing – a job! Here are some end-of-the-road things to consider.Sometimes, the job search starts before graduation. If you are a college student who is looking for a job while classes are still in session, here are 10 Resume-Boosting College Jobs to consider. Not only will these look good on your resume, they are usually pretty flexible with scheduling.When it is all said and done, you’ll want to follow the steps outlined in this article: How to Accept a Job Offer for a College Graduate.Landing the ideal employment opportunity might seem like a job in and of itself! Hopefully, these resources will make the process more bearable – and fruitful!Do you have any resources we left of f the list? Let us know!

Differences Between the Words Device and Devise

Differences Between the Words 'Device' and 'Devise' The words device are devise are commonly confusedprobably because they sound similar and their meanings are related. However, device and devise are two different parts of speech. Definitions The noun device means an object, a gadget, or a piece of equipment made for some special purpose. The verb devise means to plan, invent, or form in ones mind. Examples A smartphone can be a handy device for avoiding work.The sink is a magnificent device: it fills with water, holds it awhile, and then, when the drain is released, it empties.(George Carlin,  Napalm Silly Putty. Hyperion, 2001)We need to devise new solutions to old problems.Scientists at the University of Bologna in Italy have  devised a hand-held device  that, when passed over the body, identifies different resonations of body tissues in response to a fluctuating frequency of microwaves.(The Science of Anti-Aging Medicine, ed. by R. Klatz and R. Goldman. American Academy of Anti-Aging Med, 2003) Usage Note A device is a machine or tool; to devise means to invent or concoct something. (To devise one must be wise. Will ones device work on ice?) The stable hand would like to devise a device that cleans up after the horses. (Phineas J. Caruthers,  Style Circumstance: The Gentlepersons Guide to Good Grammar. Adams Media, 2012) Idiom Alert: "Left to Our Own Devices" When were left to our own devices we use the learning-by-doing method. Left to our own devices means theres no one looking over our shoulder in front of whom we feel embarrassed if we fail.(Roger C. Schank,  Making Minds Less Well Educated Than Our Own. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004)Have you received the message by now that our emotions dont treat us well when it comes to managing our money? Left to our own devices, we tend to do stupid things with our money.(A.J. Monte and Rick Swope,  The Market Guys Five Points for Trading Success. Wiley, 2011) Practice Exercise (a) We must _____ a way to rescue Lassie from the well. (b) Maybe a _____ involving pulleys and kittens will work. (c) My father, in the  firefly-rife backyard  of my first home, lights a bundle of little firecrackers and darts dramatically back, and we all stand around in an awed circle, at what we hope is a safe distance, as the _____ twists and jumps and shouts its furious, frustrated noise.(John Updike, The Fourth of July, 1991) (d) You can imagine, Watson, with what eagerness I endeavored to piece together our scientific findings and to _____ some common thread on which they might all  hang.(Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual, 1893) Answers to Practice Exercise (a) We must  devise  a way to rescue Lassie from the well.(b) Maybe a  device  involving pulleys and kittens will work. (c) My father, in the  firefly-rife backyard  of my first home, lights a bundle of little firecrackers and darts dramatically back, and we all stand around in an awed circle, at what we hope is a safe distance, as the  device  twists and jumps and shouts its furious, frustrated noise.(John Updike, The Fourth of July,  1991) (d) You can imagine, Watson, with what eagerness I endeavored to piece together our scientific findings and to  devise  some common thread on which they might all  hang.(Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual, 1893)

The Role of HR generalist Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Role of HR generalist - Coursework Example He is expected to diagnose data besides facilitating it. They are expected by the management to be its true business partner. Their role even spreads further to talent management, turnover, declining productivity and recruiting. According to Kandula, (2004), human resource generalist is expected to be at the forefront in matters to do with diagnosing human capital concerns as opposed to employee issues. Human resource managers are involved in developing employees, managing workforce, developing personnel policies and procedures and ensuring that internal policies conform to all laws that affect the workplace. According to Jackson, & Mathis (2010), he is expected to develop ways of meeting human resource need with regard to future. Entry-level position of generalist is mostly renamed as personnel assistant, and they provide reinforcement to the entire department. Examples of generalist titles include human resource business partner, human resource branch manager and people services ma nager. Planning and employment of workforce: he does the role of a recruiter. This includes conducting interviews, implementing recruitment strategy of the organization and conducting reshuffles within the workforce. A clear example is the staffing specialist or manager. Developing human resource: this work involves conducting training, evaluating training programs and development programs. This training may consist of specific fields like sales techniques. A superb example includes leadership development manager. Total rewards: At entry-level they are referred to as salary administrators. They are expected to perform analyzing job duties, performing job evaluations and conducting compensation surveys. They monitor benefit programs and cost. Example job titles are benefits analyst and specialist manager. Employee labor relations: while at entry-level they are known as labor relations specialist. They interpret union

Critical Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critical Analysis Paper - Essay Example Moreover, Chaffee’s The Philosopher’s Way discusses the various philosophers’ view of the world, the nature of reality, and the truth (2012, 51). By using Kants Categorical Imperative and utilitarian views, morality is relative to humans’ rationale of right and wrong. Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative Kant is the main proponent of a critical type of philosophy known as the categorical imperative. Human beings have the tendency to evaluate their actions based on their emotions towards the acts they committed. This means that it is hard to assess the goodness or badness and rightfulness and wrongness of an action because of the difficulty to find a basis for logically and objectively judging this particular action. Kant helped us in understanding and explaining our actions and decisions based on a given principle known as a priori judgment, in which all knowledge presupposes an experience. It is in this line of thought that Kant differentiated mo ral judgments from empirical ones. Empirical judgments refer to judging facts of which experience teaches us, while moral judgment tells us what we ought and not ought to do. Empirical judgment does not relate to the understanding of moral action. What Kant meant by a priori judgment also entails a judgment of necessity which judges an act based on universal standards of right and wrong, such as stealing is wrong in any circumstances. Categorical Imperative is considered by Kant as the universal principle of justice that right is superior to good applicable to the whole universe. He postulates that humans must act based on universally accepted maxims which also apply as laws for all of the humanity. Kant believes that moral rules are universal. Therefore, what is allowed for a single person is also allowed for everybody, and what is prohibited for one is also prohibited for the rest. Moreover, what is obligatory for one is also obligatory for the rest. He also acknowledges freedom o r autonomy along all individuals, but this autonomy must rest on positive values and will serve as a guiding law for all our actions. The word imperative in his philosophy provides us with some sort of restriction which limits our actions that are grounded on personal interests and selfishness which moral rules considered universally wrong. Simply saying, actions that are morally wrong universally regardless of the means or ends are considered to be morally wrong and nothing else, while morally right actions that are universally accepted are also morally right. In other words, Kant suggests that life is composed only of two colors, black and white, and that there is no extent to which an action can be considered better or worse because it only falls into two categories. White lies are wrong under any circumstances because they are still considered as lies, and lying is universally wrong in any event. Principle of Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham, in his Principles of Morals and Legisla tion, conveys rationality in his analysis of ‘the greatest happiness system’ or the so-called ‘means-end’. Other philosophers describe happiness as a goal, a result while Bentham describes happiness as simply a pleasure without the pain. In other words, people can quantify the value of pleasure or pain depending on the magnitude and for how long. According to Bentham, the overall good of the society is dependent

Upgrading server 2003 to server 2008 Research Paper

Upgrading server 2003 to server 2008 - Research Paper Example However, to adopt real world scenarios, detailed inputs were required. For instance, weather forecast information, travelling of someone from somewhere etc. As people were usually late to reach to destination for many different reasons, a data check box in the system indicating reasons to select will facilitate the management to analyze reasons of late comers and absentees. Even though, travel notes can still allow selecting a reason that may be incomplete or incoherent. One more phase that affected the authenticity of data capturing techniques was the size of the sample. The information system is limited to number of people who are participating in Friday classes. The constrained is 18 students in the space of five weeks and the sample will only able to examine sample quantity of 18 students. However, it is a fact that increase sample size will result in better results. As results in figure 4, illustrated in appendices, displays that most of the people utilized tube indicating the m ost popular transport method with a large sample size. In this case, data can be examined thoroughly. However, if the sample size is large along with maximum time, the sample may include many students as well as the one who live nearby. This will facilitate a comprehensive creation and thought on results, making them a balanced collection of data. 2 Why Manage Information? Today’s organisations are constantly striving to achieve integration of their systems to allow information to flow freely through support strategies, decision making and processes and operations, adding greater flexibility and business support than any individual roles (O'Brien,2009). Reduced information management may lead to a creation of misinformation samples that may facilitate managers to make bad decisions along with portraying negative outcomes. The current system does not reflect extra data inputs for example attendance along with arrival time and weather forecast etc. Somehow, if a student comes l ate due to a bad weather, the system will not support this real world factor separately from the section named as ‘travel comments’. This is a classic example of recording unrealistic information in an information system that is not authentic. The most relevant information is constructed on weather versus travel mode. Moreover, the figure is also demonstrating the popularity of the travel method ‘tube’ that is safe in poor weather conditions. An addition to the system that similar to the tube is train. Group of people, who travelled on tubes, also travelled on trains. This is a conflict of the travel method ‘train’, as the train and tube shares different characteristics, resulting in providing inappropriate information. 2.1 Analysis As figure four, in appendix, displays the travel mode that is utilized in the majority by the consumers. The first option was the tube, next option is bus followed by a walk. This logical representation of knowledge concludes the most popular method amongst consumers. Moreover, research can be conducted in the same logical pattern to examine and discover appropriate information related to the transport mode popularity in different age groups. Data input method can be constructed in order to find out the reason of not using certain transport modes. In order to provide information that may facilitate decisions, Decision support Systems are the best choice, as they can provide informati

Philosophical Implications Of Artificial Intelligence

Philosophical Implications Of Artificial Intelligence INTRODUCTION: For a long period of time philosophers are trying to resolve the questions related to artificial intelligence. Like, how minds are working? Can machines act intelligently like humans do?, if its so would they really have brain? What would be the ethical implications in that? The philosophers view about AI is that machines act intelligent and do to actually thinking are in strong AI categories. They never worried until program works properly, no questions like its working under simulation of intelligence or real intelligence. My stand on this is almost followed by the same instances. Do you think really robots act intelligent? Perhaps, it depends on how it is defined. In other words, it depends upon how one defining intelligence or consciousness with machines exactly involved. Yes, robots are intelligent with the system in-built or good simulations, but we deal with not practical, only theory. By comparing two architectures say human and machine, its not fair ask questions like robots really think?. But, consider the questions like, Machines fly? Machines can swim? For first question yes is the answer. Because aeroplane will fly. So technically machines can fly. For second question no is the answer. Though ships or submarines move in water, but we dont call it swimming. Neither of question does not have any impact on lives or its nature. It has to do with their capabilities and meaning how we take. Consider Mr.Alan Turing quotes,Instead of raising question machines think,we should ask it can past test on a behavioural intelligence. For example, the program ELIZA and the MGONZ internet chatbot fooled humans who didnt realize they are taking to a program and the ALICE program fooled one judge in 2001 competition named Loebner Prize. He also exercised on same facts which leads to the objection to the possibility of intelligent machines. According to the proposals given by Darthmouth ,all aspects which features of intelligence truly tells that machine can be made to stimulate it. I also agree to the following quote if a machine acts as intelligently as human, then it is as intelligent as a human. Consider the facts how artificial brain and heart is working, which can satisfy the law of nature, demands. So we can say machines are intelligent? We now analyze the facts in two dimensions. From Disability point of perspective, I should say,Robots can never do X. Mr.Alan Turing lists X as being kind, using proper words, doing something new, analyzing this from right from wrong, to the subject of tits own thought. Alan try to predict what would be possible in future years, though we have classical records of what computers or super computers already done. And its true that computers performs may well that what humans doing alone. It will play games like chess, cricket, spell check in documents and in medical theraphies like diagonising the diseases and it do hundreds of multiple task as well as human or better than humans. Computers requires performance at each fields in science say no chemistry, biology, computer science, astronomy, maths at level of a human expert. The educational testing service has used an automated program to grade millions of essays, the program agree with human graders 97% of the time, about the same level of two graders agree. [1]. And its also clear that computers do work better than humans, but it does not mean that computer excel everything. Of course, it use insight and understanding in task performances, not a part of behaviour. The objection from mathematics perspective for any formal axiomatic system F powerful enough to do arithmetic, to construct a Godel Sentence G(F) with the following properties, G(F) is a sentence of F,but cannot be proved within F. If F is consistent then G(F) is true [2]. Philosophers as mentioned this theorem shows that machines are mentally inferior to humans, because machines are formal systems that are limited by the incompleteness theorem, but human minds are operate by quantum gravity. No human brain could compute the sum of 100 billions of 100 digit number in their lifetime, but computer do it in seconds, before invention of mathematics itself human started to behave intelligent, so its not fair to say that mathematical reason plays more than important role in what it means to be smart or intelligent. Computers have binded to limitation on what they can prove but there is no evidence for human, that they are immune from those limitations. And its easy to claim that normal system cannot do X, then claims humans can do X using their informal method without evidence, like wise its too tough to say that humans are not subject to Godels incompleteness theorem, because any rigour proof contain a formalization of a claimed unformalizable humans talent. So I planned to left with an appeal to intuition that humans perform superhuman feats of maths insights. From informality point of view, the most persistent critics of artificial intelligence was ; argument from informality of behaviour; by Turing. Like humans, system cannot generate behaviour intelligent as human they can only follow set of rules. This inability to capture all in a set of logical rules is called the qualification problem in artificial intelligence. Its correct what Dreyfus pointed that, logical agents are vulnerable to the qualification problems. From his view, human includes knowledge of rules but as a background within which they exercise. Various problems have been addressed when Dreyfus and Dreyfus making proposal moving from being artificial intelligence critics to artificial intelligence theorists. i.e, Neural network architecture. It includes, Unless having proper background you wont get good serialization such that incorporating background knowledge with the neural network learning process. My concern about this is, the good reason for a serious redesign of current models of neural processing, then it can take the advantage of previously learning knowledge in the way that other algorithms proceed. Neural networks are supervised which requires guidance say it needs proper input and outputs. But unsupervised or reinforcement learning never looks for trainer (human). In many issues Dreyfus made impact on the commonsense knowledge, uncertainity importance of considering situated agents. But for me, these are all the evidences of intelligence progress,not its impossibilities. Let us consider this question can machines really think? According to myself, the machines which passes Turing test would still not be actually thinking. Its quite simulation of thinking. From his point of view,the machines has to be aware of its own mental states of action say consciousness, which is most important. Its almost false question, according to philosopher Mr.Karl Popper the term falsiable does not mean something is false, instead that if it is false, then this can be shown by experiment. [3] From my study of direct experience I personally feel that machines has a not actually feel emotion, whether the machine purpoted beliefs, desires of other representations are actually about something in the real world. Analysing Turings point,why should we want to insist on higher standard for machines that we do for humans? After all, in our life we dont have any direct evidence about the internal mental states of any other humans. Instead of arguing continually over the point ,it is usual to have the polite convention that everyone thinks. And questioning machines act on consciousness is difficult, but it got nothing to do with practice of artificial intelligence. I agree to the fact that, we are interested in created programs that behave intelligently, not in whether someone else pronounces them to be real or simulated. To understand this fact, we should consider the question of whether artifacts are considered real. Frederick Wohler synthesized artificial urea in 1848 and why its so important means, it proved that organic and inorganic chemistry could be united. Like the artificial Chateau Labour wine would not be the Chateau Labour wine, even if it was chemically indistinguishable, simply because it was not made in the right place in the right way. We conclude this topic by saying the philosophers John Searles lines, no one supposes that a computer simulation of a storm will leave us all wet. Why on earth would anyone in his right mind suppose a computer simulation of mental process?'[4] The behaviour of an artifact is important while in others it is the artifacts pedigree matters. For artificial minds, there is no convention just we are left to rely on intuitions. From the above quotes, its easy to agree that computer simulations of storms do not make us wet, instead its not clear how to make this analogy over to computer simulation of mental processes. Are mental processes more like storm or chess? like Chateau Labour or like Urea? This all depends on your theory of mental process and what it states. Under the theory of Functionalism any intermediate caused condition between input and output gives state of mind. In other words, two systems with isomorphic causual process would have the similar mental state. Therefore, computer program might have same mental state as a person. But in contrast, the theory of biological naturalism states that, the mental states are higher level emergent features which are caused by low-level neurological processes in the neurons and properties of the neurons that matters. To analyse these two view points, let we look at one of the oldest problem in the philosophy of mind. The mind-body problem: This problem questioning the mental states and processes related to the brain (bodily) state and processes. By analysing the problem of mind-architecture problem, it allow us to talk about the possibility of machines have minds. Mr.Rene Descartes, who considered how an immortal soul interacts with the body and concluded with the soul and body are two distinct type of things-a dualist theory. The monist theory called materialism, tells there is no such thing like immortal souls; only material objects. Consequently, mental states such as pain, knowing that one is riding in a horse or believing that Delhi is capital of India are brain states. Mr. John Searle pithily sums up the idea with the slogan, Brains cause minds. The materialist must face the two serious obstacles. The first problem is freewill: how can it be that a purely physical mind, where every transformation is governed strictly by the laws of physics, still retains any freedom of choice? Many philosophers agreed that this problem requires a careful reconstitution of our naÃÆ'Â ¯ve notion of free will, rather than presenting any threat to materialism. Then the next problem concerns the issues of consciousness but not identical, questions of understanding and self-awareness. So simply, why is it feel like anything to have certain brain states, whereas presumably does not feel like anything to have other physical states, for example being a rock. To start to answer such questions, we need ways to talk about brain states at levels more abstract than specific configurations of all atoms of the brain of a particular person at a particular time. For example, as I think about the capital of India,my brain undergoes myriad tiny changes from one picosecond o the next, but these never brings the qualitative changes in brain state. To account this, we need a notion of a brain state types, under which we can able to judge whether two brain states belongs to the same or different types. Though different opinions are existed, almost everyone believes that if one takes a brain and replaces some of the carbon atoms by a new set of carbon atoms (perhaps even atoms of a different isotope of carbon, as is sometimes done in brain-scanning experiments) the mental will not be affected. This is a good thing because real brains are continually replacing their atoms through metabolic process, and yet this in itself does not seem to cause major mental upheavals. Let us consider a particular kind of mental state: the propositional attitudes which are also known as intentional states. These are the states such as believing, desiring, fearing, knowing which refers to some aspect of the external world. Consider the examples, the belief that Delhi is the capital of India is a belief about a particular city and its status. We will be asking whether it is possible for computers to have intentional states, then it helps to understand how to characterize such states. Hence the identity or non-identity of mental states should be determined by staying completely inside the head, without the reference to the real world. To analyse this dilemma we turn to the thought experiment that attempts to separate intentional states from their external objects. From these several theories we conclude that mental states cannot be duplicated just in the basis of some program having same functional behaviour with similar inputs and outputs. The Ethics and Risks of developing artificial intelligence pose some problems beyond that of, to say, We might loose our jobs to automation. Humans might have too much leisure time. Peoples might lose their sense of being unique. We might feel like loosing some privacy rights. The use of artificial intelligence systems might result in a loss of accountability. The success of AI might mean the end of the human race. CONCLUSION: I conclude the machines are intelligent but often dependable on others intelligence. The intelligence explosion has also been called the technological singularity by maths professor Mr. Venor Vinge who writes that within 30 years ,we will have the technological means to creates super human intelligence. After human era will be ended. Considering the curve of technical progress Venor and Good said the progress growth is exponentially at present. However, it is quite a step to explorate that the curve will continue on to the singularity of near- infinite growth. The potential threats to society posed by Artificial Intelligence and relative technology some are unlikely and two basic thing which needs serious handling. The ultra intelligent machines might lead to a future that is very different from today and we may not like it. Next one is that the robotics technology may enable weapons of mass destruction to be deployed by psychopathic individuals. And I conclude that this is more of a threat from biotechnology and nano technology than from robotics.

Blood Brain Barrier Essay -- Biology

The brain is permeated by a vast network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries- so tiny and thin that blood cells have to pass through in single file. In the brain alone there are enough capillaries that if you laid them all out end to end they would stretch from Tucson to Tijuana. These capillaries are surrounded by a single layer of cells. That layer of cells forms a barrier between the capillaries and the cells and fluid of the brain. These barrier-forming cells are called "endothelial cells". You can think of "endothelial" as a synonym for "lining" or even just "barrier". When we use the phrase Blood Brain Barrier, (which for obvious reasons we'll refer to as BBB from here on out!), we're talking about all of these endothelial ("barrier") cells collectively. Function of the BBB The cell membranes of the BBB contain transport proteins. If the brain is a nightclub, the transport proteins are bouncers. They decide who gets in, and who gets kicked out. On this website we'll be introducing you to the most important transport proteins- OATP, MDR1, and MDR2. Don't let all the acronyms intimidate you- read carefully and you'll be fine. If the nightclub/bouncer analogy doesn't work for you, you could also think of them as little vacuum pumps and blowers. An extremely detailed view of their actual mechanisms is beyond current knowledge. Importance of the BBB Without the BBB, undesirable molecules could freely diffuse from the capillaries to the fluid that surrounds the brain cells. These undesirable molecules include: TOXINS- poisons taken in from the environment. IONS- that might upset the delicate electrochemical gradients of the cerebral fluid. ACIDS and BASES- that might upset the cerebral ... ...aks down the BBB, so the mice infected with GBS lacking this toxin developed less bacterial meningitis than those infected with the normal GBS. -Doran says: Ââ€Å"These findings demonstrate a novel function of the blood-brain barrier, to act as a sentry that detects the threat of a bacterial pathogen and responds by triggering an immune response to clear the infection. 3. Neuwalt- Researches treatment of brain tumors with chemotherapy, hard because of the BBB (natural defense against chemical transport into the brain) introduction of chemicals to the brain by shrinking endothelial cells that make up the BBB with a concentrated sugar solution that creates gaps in the BBB allowing chemicals to enter (called Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Therapy) project tenfold to a hundredfold more successful than normal chemotherapy and intra-arterial chemotherapy (Neuwalt, 1998)

Cubic miles

The cost driver I used in the revised exhibit is the cubic miles of snow, because in the case it stated that â€Å". .. The number of hours needed to clear the roadways depended to a great extent on cubic miles of snow. â€Å", which means if there's more snow on the ground, the plow drivers would work extra hours and therefore the department needs to pay more. Thus costs increase. Section AWE Group 3 1 . Apparently the flexible budget is more informative and reasonable. Because it Includes many activities that may increase the total budget cost, Make it adjustable hen there is an extreme weather and requires more plow drivers 2.The public works director's goal was trying to implement the new responsibility accounting system. Yes, I think the new approach is effective because It will give Sam Donaldson the quarterly report, Sam can be aware of the budget difference and make prompt adjustments, Help the department keep the costs within its budget 3. Yes the director should consult S am, for The new director is newly hired and lack certain amount of experience, Sam Donaldson is more experienced and can make appropriate adjustments to keep the costs within the budgets.

Using Shaping to Mold Child Behavior

Using Shaping to Mold Child Behavior Shaping (also known as successive approximation) is a teaching technique that involves a teacher rewarding a child as she or he successfully improves the acquisition of a target skill. Shaping is considered an essential process in teaching because behavior cannot be rewarded unless it first occurs. Shaping is intended to lead children in the direction of appropriate complex behavior, and then reward them as they complete each successive step. Best Practices for Behavior Shaping First, a teacher needs to identify the students strengths and weaknesses around a specific skill, and then break the skill into a series of steps that lead a child toward that target. If the targeted skill is being able to write with a pencil, a child might have difficulty holding a pencil. An appropriate assistive step-wise strategy might start with the teacher placing his or her hand over the childs hand, demonstrating to the child the correct pencil grasp. Once the child achieves this step, they are rewarded and the next step is undertaken. The first step for another student who is uninterested in writing but does like to paint might be providing the student with a paint brush  and rewarding the painting of a letter. In each case, you are helping a child approximate the topography of the behavior you want so that you can reinforce that behavior as the child grows and develops. Shaping may require a teacher to create a task analysis of the skill in order to create a roadmap for shaping the behavior or meeting the final skill goal. In that case, it is also critical for the teacher to model the shaping protocol for classroom para-professionals (teachers aides) so that they know what approximations are successful and which approximations need to be cleared and retaught. Although this may seem like a painstaking and slow process, the step and reward process deeply embeds the behavior in the students memory, so that he or she will be likely to repeat it. History Shaping is a technique that arose from behaviorism, a field of psychology established by B.F. Skinner and based on the relationship between behaviors and their reinforcement. Skinner believed that behaviors need to be reinforced by specific preferred items or food, but can be also paired with social reinforcement like praise. Behaviorism and behavioral theories are the foundations of applied behavior analysis  (ABA), which is used successfully with children who fall somewhere on the autistic spectrum. Although often considered mechanistic, ABA has the advantage of allowing the therapist, teacher, or parent to take a dispassionate look at the specific behavior, rather than focus on a moral aspect of the behavior (as in Robert should know that its wrong!). Shaping is not restricted to teaching techniques with autistic children. Skinner himself used it to teach animals to perform tasks, and marketing professionals have used shaping to establish preferences in a customers shopping behaviors. Examples Maria used shaping to help Angelica learn to feed herself independently, by helping Angelica use the spoon hand over hand - moving to touch Angelicas wrist until Angelica was finally able to pick up her spoon and eat from her bowl independently.While teaching Robert to use the toilet independently to urinate, his mother, Susan, saw that he had difficulty pulling up his pants. She decided to shape this step in her task analysis by praising and reinforcing his ability to pull his pants up to his knees, then stretching out the elastic waist to finish the step, and then helping Robert by using hand over hand to complete the pulling up pants step.One shaping experiment that Skinner conducted was when he and his associates decided to teach a pigeon to bowl. The target task was to get the bird to send a wooden ball down a miniature alley toward a set of toy pins, by swiping the ball with a sideward movement of its beak. The researchers first reinforced any swipe that looked like what they had in mind, then reinforced any that approximated what they wanted, and within a few minutes, they had succeeded. One way modern marketers use shaping is to provide a free sample of a product and include a coupon for the large discount on the purchase price. In the first purchase, the consumer would find a coupon for a smaller discount, and so forth, until the consumer no longer needs the incentives and has established the desired behavior. Sources Koegel, Robert L. Assessing and Training Teachers in the Generalized Use of Behavior Modification with Autistic Children, Dennis C. Russo, Arnold Rincover, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Wiley Online Library, 1977. Peterson, Gail B. A Day of Great Illumination: B. F. Skinners Discovery of Shaping. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 10.1901/jeab.2004.82-317, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, November 2004, Bethesda, MD. Rothschild, Michael L. Behavioral Learning Theory: Its Relevance to Marketing and Promotions. Journal of Marketing, William C. Gaidis, Vol. 45, No. 2, Sage Publications, Inc., JSTOR, Spring 1981.

Bay Of Pigs Invasion Essays - CubaUnited States Relations

Bay Of Pigs Invasion Essays - CubaUnited States Relations Bay Of Pigs Invasion The Bay of Pigs Invasion. The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one of mismanagement, overconfidence, and lack of security. The blame for the failure of the operation falls directly in the lap of the Central Intelligence Agency and a young president and his advisors. The fall out from the invasion caused a rise in tension between the two great superpowers and ironically, years after the event, the person that the invasion meant to topple, Fidel Castro, is still in power. To understand the origins of the invasion and its ramifications for the future it is first necessary to look at the invasion and its origins. The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, started a few days before on April 15th with the bombing of Cuba by what appeared to be defecting Cuban air force pilots. At 6 a.m. in the morning of that Saturday, three Cuban military bases were bombed by B-26 bombers. The airfields at Camp Libertad, San Antonio de Los Baos, and Antonio Maceo airport at Santiago de Cuba were fired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad, and forty-seven people were killed at other sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, apparently to defect to the United States. The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the government in exile, in New York City released a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were . . . carried out by 'Cubans inside Cuba' who were 'in contact with' the top command of the Revolutionary Council . . . . The New York Times reporter covering the story alluded to something being wrong with the whole situation when he wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming if the pilots had only decided to leave Cuba on Thursday after . . . a suspected betrayal by a fellow pilot had precipitated a plot to strike . . . .. Whatever the case, the planes came down in Miami later that morning, one landed at Key West Naval Air Station at 7:00 a.m. and the other at Miami International Airport at 8:20 a.m. Both planes were badly damaged and their tanks were nearly empty. On the front page of The New York Times the next day, a picture of one of the B-26s was shown along with a picture of one of the pilots cloaked in a baseball hat and hiding behind dark sunglasses, his name was withheld. A sense of conspiracy was even at this early stage beginning to envelop the events of that week. In the early hours of April 17th the assault on the Bay of Pigs began. As in the spirit of a movie, the assault began at 2 a.m. with a team of frogmen going ashore with orders to set up landing lights to indicate to the main assault force the precise location of their objectives, as w ell as to clear the area of anything that may impede the main landing teams when they arrived. At 2:30 a.m. and at 3:00 a.m. two battalions came ashore at Playa Girn and one battalion at Playa Larga beaches. The troops at Playa Girn had orders to move west, northwest, up the coast and meet with the troops at Playa Larga in the middle of the bay. A small group of men were then to be sent north to the town of Jaguey Grande to secure it as well. When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that the troops would have problems in the area that was chosen for them to land at. The area around the Bay of Pigs is a swampy marsh land area which would be hard on the troops. The Cuban forces were quick to react and Castro ordered his T-33 trainer jets, two Sea Furies, and two B-26s into the air to stop the invading forces. Off the coast were the command and control ship and another vessel carrying supplies for the invading forces. The Cuban air force made quick work of the supply ships, sinking the command vessel, the Marsopa, and the supply ship the Houston, blasting them to pieces with five-inch rockets.

Management Info Systems Individual Work wk8 Essay

Management Info Systems Individual Work wk8 - Essay Example In reality, however, internet markets are more similar to traditional markets than they are different. Hence, successful e-marketing strategies, such as traditional ones, rely on the creation, distribution, promotion and pricing products that are required by the customers and not just developing a brand name or lowering the costs associated with online transactions (Morley & Parker, 2009). Electronic commerce is believed to have developed from three main stages: Innovation, consolidation and reinvention (Pyle, 1996). The innovation of electronic commerce is the phase that occurred in the period lasting 1995-2000. This era was typified with a great excitement in both the traders and their customers particularly due to anticipations that electronic commerce would increase the ease at which quality information on business systems as well as commercial goods and both parties (Pyle, 1996) could attain services. The phase of consolidation began in 200 and was characterized by an increased number of classical business organizations utilizing the Web for purposes of enhancing their business transactions. The last phase, reinvention, of electronic commerce had its advent in the year 2006 when there was a bolstered utilization of social networking and Web 2.0 applications in electronic commerce. This led to an increase in the number of new models of business being created. Whol e during the innovation stage the emphasis of commercial organizations was on attaining market shares and visibility, the consolidation stage was characterized by an increased desire to establish commercial ventures that were successful (Whinston, 1997). The emphasis in the present day is placed on the ability of electronic commerce to encounter a growth of audience and social network. Morley and Parker (2009) claim that this model comprises of the

Ergonomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ergonomics - Essay Example Standards† written by O’Neill (2011) detailed the specifications for seating conformance to include elements such as the chair to the used, the chair seat height, the seat width, seat pan depth, seat pan tilt, the seat pan-backrest angle, and lumbar support. The detailed specifications, based on O’Neill’s (2011) discourse are as follows: (1) chair shall support the user’s back and thighs and must have a backrest that reclines; (2) the chair seat height shall be adjustable according to the user’s need to as much as â€Å"a range of 4.5 inches between 15 and 22 inches† (ONeill, 2011, p. 3); (3) the seat width shall meet the specified width of at least 17.7 inches; and (4) there shall be a support for the lumbar, as needed. The visual or eye standards should incorporate distance between the user and the monitor display. According to the Department of Energy (DOE) (2008), in the article entitled â€Å"Creating a Healthy Workstation Environment: Workstation Ergonomics Made Easy†, the optimum distance between the user’s eyes and the visual display by operators in seating position is 600 mm (Department of Energy (DOE), 2008, p. 7). Likewise, it was noted that special computer glasses that would assist in preventing eye fatigue and vision problems for long hours of monitoring visual displays shall be considered. It has been emphasized that the effectiveness of performance on undertaking monitoring of visual displays is affected by lighting. In this situation, it was stipulated that the operator does the monitoring in a dark room. According to ergonomic standards, light requirements actually vary depending on the performance of tasks. Since the operator focuses on monitoring visual displays from the computer, which already self-illuminating, less light is actually needed; but, it would help to provide focused task lighting (â€Å"a separate lamp†) (Department of Energy (DOE), 2008, p. 21) to assist in other tasks and prevent creating a totally dark

The subject is organisational change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The subject is organisational change - Assignment Example Non-trained employees resist. Change in the skill level of employees is also resisted. The managers must take measures to overcome resistance. For this, they should communicate with each employee individually to know his needs. The more the employees feel empowered and respected, the lesser is the resistance to change. Question 2 Home businesses are very rewarding because they consume lesser resources, energy and time. Due to this fact, the job satisfaction is greater and future prospects are high. One of the greatest difficulties that home businesses may face is choosing the right kind of partner who will guide you and stand beside you through the whole process. Other difficulties include isolation. When you are staying at home, you are leaving the outside world and the chances of face-to-face communication lessen. Personal meetings are crucial to build trust with the partner and the consumers, and home businesses do not give you this chance. Also, sometimes the performance is affec ted when one tries to manage the home business along with the official job. One has to wait for the home business and its savings to get established enough so that the official job is left.

Memory Keepers Daughter Literary Analysis Essay Example for Free

Memory Keepers Daughter Literary Analysis Essay Kim Edwards shows through the whole book that we are only human, the themes that life is beyond our control and through the connection between suffering and joy. Edwards uses plot to set up a sort of life schedule. It goes in order into the future but occasionally skips years ahead. She also cleverly sets the book up so that each year, or â€Å"chapter† has both sides of the story, that of Caroline who is raising Phoebe and then the life of Norah and David raising their son Paul. As the book starts off it is that of a happy tone with Norah giving birth and then leading to a depressing and melancholy tone as Dr. Henry lies to his wife telling her that their daughter has died, to save her from the pain of their daughter having down syndrome. Norah gains more and more depression as the years go on, always wondering â€Å"what if†. With all the depression going on in the story line of Norah there is a gain of strength in Carolines story line as she raises Phoebe. This shows the theme of suffering and joy. The idea that even though the character is suffering they are the one with the most joy. Norah Henry has it all: the doctor husband, money and a healthy son but still wants what she never had; her daughter. Caroline has struggled with at first the decision to keep Phoebe and raise her as her own, then struggling with actually raising this baby girl with down syndrome alone and with no one, but she is joyful in the book never having the depression that plagues Norah and her marriage with David Henry. When Caroline finally sees David 18 years later, she says: You missed a lot of heartache, sure. But David, you missed a lot of joy. In the theme that life is beyond our control the author Kim Edwards has the book move through the years rapidly and at a fast pace in order to demonstrate how life flys by. Throughout the book Edwards uses photography as a metaphor showing the character Davids growing obsession with taking photographs as a desperate attempt to make time stand still: Photo after photo, as if he could stop time or make an image powerful nough to obscure the moment when he turned and handed his daughter to Caroline Gill. Life may also feel as it is out of their control with there being a constant aura of uncertainty or â€Å"what if† quality. That being said, the characters in the end will always wonder what life would have been like if David had never given his daughter away, but find it exhausting to wonder once they are brought together in the end after the death of David. As Paul reflects at the end of the novel: His mother was right; he could never know what might have happened. All he had were the facts. Life was also seeming to be out of anyones control with the struggle of the melancholy tone through the novel with Norah becoming more and more depressed becoming that of a drinker in Pauls young life and then being so unhappy with her marriage with David for him being so distant that she has an affair with a man while she is on a trip to Aruba with her job. Even with the tone the author seems to have it progress in a rapid fashion just as the years fly by in the story line. Life is inevitable, people make mistakes, and the mistakes people make have great impact and effect not only them, but the people around them; just as David Henrys mistake haunted his life and tormented that of his wifes. In day to day life there are always the people that make mistakes with good intentions. The authors point wasnt to completely make David the antagonist in the story but yet he was that one person whos mistake was made with half hearted good intentions, he wanted to spare his doting wife the pain of having to raise one child with down syndrome, he didnt want her to think that it was her fault in anyway. David just wanted the problem to go away not fully realizing that the problem wasnt his daughter it was him having to deal with his own past. David Henrys sister died at the young age of twelve and she had down syndrome as well, it is really sad that this character couldnt deal with his own past so much that he ruined his present and his future. He knew the pain that his sister having down syndrome had left on him and her death that not only was he trying to spare his wife the pain of having a daughter with down syndrome but yet the author was trying to convey to the reader that he also did it to protect his son from it as well. Norah becomes the character you feel bad for not a protagonist but yet just that good character whos life unfolding before her is the result of decisions from those around her. She is constantly depressed from thinking she lost her daughter, then she is also gaining more and more eternal sadness with her husband not letting her gain any sort of closure with this or even to simply tell her the truth of his actions and what he had done. The relationship between Norah and David grows further and further apart with him setting himself more distant from her as time goes on due to his guilty conscious eating away at him. Then on a happy note you have Caroline, she turned her whole life around for the life choices of David and that of herself. She raises Phoebe alone at first always fighting for more advanced learning abilities for down syndrome, she gains a man in her life named Al who helped her in the very beginning get to shelter when she had decided to keep the baby but then her car wont start in the middle of a blizzard, he becomes her knight in shining armor. Al becomes a big character having sought out Caroline after years and years of that first encounter with her and stays in her life loving and caring for both her and Phoebe, he becomes the father figure Phoebe never got to have. Kim Edwards set up all the right kind of characters for this plot and in every right way to develop the novel. In the end the themes of life being out of our control and the connection between suffering and joy are evident throughout the story. Kim Edwards used immense characterization that helped to develop those following themes with having the right selection of types of characters. The plot definitely has to do with developing the story, for it ties in with the life is out of our control theme having time go by so rapidly demonstrating that life is always constant and never stopping or standing still like a photograph for anyone or anything. Photos represent memories in life, David became enthralled with taking photographs in an effort to make time stop, maybe capture the memory he had when he made the decision to give his daughter away. The metaphor of David and his taking pictures ties into the Title â€Å"the memory keepers daughter† for he was the memory keeper, the keeper of the biggest life secret and lie. Kim Edwards made everything tie together with literary elements of metaphor, characterization, and Plot.

Illiteracy in America Essay -- Education Reading Writing Essays

Illiteracy in America Walking into a class room full of seniors, one might not suspect that some of the students can not read above a third grade reading level (Mcmaster). In fact one million teenagers from the ages of 12 and 17 do not have the reading ability of a third grader. Literacy among American people is important because it affects our economy greatly. Not only that but it also affects the lives of the American population. Illiteracy is a large problem within the United States that can be reasonably solved using different tactics. Illiteracy is detrimental to any society. First people must know what it is before the problem can be fixed. Illiteracy can be defined as the inability to read or write. Lately illiteracy has been moved up to the ability to comprehend what one reads or writes. There are 40 to 44 million adults alone in the United States that do not have the ability to comprehend words that they are reading. This is an enormous problem that can lead to even more devastating effects. Another step before solving the problem is that one must also know the roots of it. One of the many sources of illiteracy is right in the home. Many parents do not take the time to read to their children when they are at an early age. This introduces them to phonics and reading. It has been proven that children who have had their parents read to them have been known to have higher literary abilities (Sachwitz). Children who start learning about reading at an early age have a head start when they begin to have formal education. This leads to better acceptance of received material which in turn helps for a much better education. Another problem was a program inserted into the schooling system called the â€Å"Who... ...r America to live in. Literacy is a catastrophic problem around the world. With the information age coming in at blazing speeds, literacy is needed among every one in the nation. To solve literacy’s problems must effectively the United States must go the roots of where illiteracy begins. When this starts to happen nation wide, all able will be able to have the ability to read. How else would a nation survive in a literate world with out being literate itself? Works Cited Mcmaster, Scott. â€Å"Illiteracy†. http://bvsd.k12.co.us/schools/cent/Newspaper/dec97/p7/stories/mcmaster.html. December 1997 Roberts, Larry. â€Å"Illiteracy on the Rise in America†. http://www.wsws.org/news/1998/oct1998 /ill-o14.shtml. October 1998. Sachwitz, Jennifer. â€Å"Illiteracy in America: Past, Present, and Future†. http://www.uah.edu/colleges/liberal/education/S1998/jen.html. 1998

Building Classroom Discipline Essay -- Education School Classroom Teac

In the past few years it seems that schools have really lost touch with the discipline of students. With the increasing frequency of school shootings and acts of violence it seems that the students are running the show instead of the teachers and administrators. There are many factors that are involved in creating a great classroom or a horrible classroom. From the way the teachers punish misbehaving students or the way they reward them when they do something right, to how involved the parents are with their children's education. The purpose of this paper is to explain how classroom management, when used effectively by the teacher, can produce an excellent learning environment for students. According to C.M. Charles, the author of "Building Classroom Discipline," the definition of discipline is, "what teachers do to help students behave acceptably in school (1999,p3)." Discipline is associated to misbehavior, wherever misbehavior is found, and discipline is needed. The main goals of discipline are to prevent, suppress and redirect misbehavior. Students can also be cruel and disruptive, which can deny the purpose of learning in the classroom. Another goal of discipline is to help students control their own behavior in and outside the classroom (Charles, 1999). My own definition of discipline is using any means necessary to keep a classroom organized, productive and accessible for learning. Discipline is necessary in a classroom, to give students an opportunity to learn to there fullest. Without discipline, the classroom would be a place where teachers could not perform their job but a place for them to baby-sit misbehaved children. Teacher quality is the most important issue when dealing with how effective a classroom will ... ...dents have the ability to learn to their fullest potential. When the environment is not controlled it is not a healthy place for kids to learn, it seems more like a day care while parents are at work. Another is having a relationship outside the classroom with students. Being involved in their life both academically and personally increases the trust and respect from a student toward the teacher. Most students go through stages as they become older. If there are misbehaved students it is important to remember that it is common to find students that are rebels. It is important to work with the students instead of just giving them to someone else to deal with. They are just looking for some attention and they want people to notice them and like them. If a teacher follows some of the thing mentioned earlier, they it will create a healthy, happy and vigorous classroom.

Discrimination at workplace based on gender and ethnicity

Imagine being stuck in the same job without proper compensations, or being thrown out of the job one fine day and being replaced by someone, you know hardly measures up to the fine standards you maintain, just because you do not look good, or you have physical ailments, or the other person is a pretty looking female, and you are a male, or simply because you are being replaced by a younger, ‘energetic’ person, whose age replaces your experience and competence.This is a thought that scares millions of workers and professionals as they set out for to earn their daily bread and feed their dependants. The thought that this day may be their last day at work and not due to their own fault can be a thought very scaring indeed. The ‘big boss’ literally rules your life and these are things that must change for the better. Is it fair to judge a person and his professionalism solely on the basis of his colour, age, sex, ethnicity, and sexual tendencies?How does it matt er whether I was born in Africa, India or New York; why should it matter if my skin is black, brown or white; is being 45 years old a crime; why should one be prejudiced against if he/she has feelings for the same sex. In the end it should be the professional competence and the attitude to success that should replace these trivial feelings. Work place discrimination encompasses a spectrum of situations.It may range from sexual discrimination to sexual harassment, even work place bullying. It is pertinent here to define three commonly misinterpreted terms, ‘unlawful discrimination’, ‘unlawful harassment’ and ‘workplace bullying’. As detailed on the Human Rights and Equal Rights Commission (HREOC) website, unlawful discriminations implies a deliberate attempt to sideline a person in favour of others solely because of his age, sex, religion, ethnicity or pregnancy status, and other factors outlined above.Similarly ‘unlawful harassmentâ€℠¢ has been defined in the same website as â€Å"Under federal and state legislation unlawful harassment occurs when someone is made to feel intimidated, insulted or humiliated because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin; sex; disability; sexual preference; or some other characteristic specified under anti-discrimination or human rights legislation†. Work place bullying relates to â€Å"the repeated less favourable treatment of a person by another or others in the workplace, which may be considered unreasonable and inappropriate workplace practice.It includes behaviour that intimidates, offends, degrades or humiliates a worker†. In the text a more detailed analysis with suitable situations will be mentioned. There should not a ‘wrongful termination’, which is the dismissal of an employee, when he did not deserve it. Workplace discrimination on the basis of gender When a deliberate attempt is made to downgrade a person solely on the basis of gen der, and this goes against the contractual agreement, it constitutes a ground for appeal (Allison & Taylor, Inc). It may be intended directly or indirectly as unintended rules.It may be ‘Disparate Treatment Gender Discrimination’, where a person is treated differently simply because of his gender. An example of this could be a situation where a male employee gets a better pay package than his female counterpart on the unfounded premise that he works more than her. It may be the other way round, that a female secretary gets more leaves from the boss, while her male counterpart is denied any leave. A slightly more complex situation is that of ‘Disparate Impact Gender Discrimination’, where there is has been an unintentional process involved.This can be understood in the context of employment in the armed forces, where though the rules of entry may be the same for both the sexes, yet, for some particular situations, like war, special rules may have been set, s uch that it becomes difficult for female soldiers to qualify. There may be a frank situation of sexual harassment, where promotions are linked to gaining special favors, usually sexual in nature, from the person of opposite sex. As shown in the cine-film,† Disclosure†, where the female boss deliberately denies opportunity to the male professional, because he refused sexual favors.There may be harassment from the same sex, where in the female boss, feeling threatened sexually by the entry of a petite secretary or a colleague, deliberately insults her in front of others, in effect creating a ‘hostile environment’. There is an interesting entity known as ‘Quid Pro Quo Harassment (district attorney . com). This refers quiet simply to trade in terms of sexual favors. In this situation the availability of sex is the prime requisite to continue work. It may also mean, that the job is denied to a suitable candidate, if sexual favors are denied.A hostile enviro nment is one where the employee is challenged mentally and emotionally due to repeated exposure to offensive materials such as crude jokes, pornographic material (HREOC website). This does not allow the employee to settle down to the best of his/ her abilities. Of course, just because offensive language is used, or sexual advances are made, does not qualify simply as workplace discrimination. If such activities are carried out in concert with the said employee, there is no ground for case against the office.A female employee may readily consent to go out on a date with her colleague, but later if she alleges sexual harassment, this does not constitute ground for appeal. These are some situation of unlawful discrimination. There are other situations like prejudice in selecting a particular employee for promotion, or training, or dismissal. A female employee, doing the same work, may be receiving lesser pay. Under the Equal Pay for Equal Act (Safety. com) every person doing similar wo rk should be paid paid equally.An interesting aspect is that strictly speaking sex and gender are considered different by pure semantics (workplacefairness. org). Sex is anatomical identity of the person, while gender refers to how the person perceived himself/ herself. Other spectra of workplace discrimination. Discrimination on the basis of age – in the AARP website, a reference to the Age Discrimination in Employee’s Act (ADEA) is mentioned. According to the law, if discrimination has been done to a person above 40 years of age on the basis of his age, it is illegal.It may be in the form of not being selected for the job inspite of being qualified in favor of a younger person, or it may be denial of promotions on the basis of age. Such a situation may also arise if the older employee is dismissed by the company in favor of a younger person, so that the new employee is paid less. A larger number of Racial discrimination – The colour of the skin of the person, or the company a person keeps, should never constitute grounds for prejudice. Action against someone for dating a person of different culture, constitutes grounds for appeal (www.districtattorney. com).Pregnancy and marriage discrimination- pregnancy is a temporary disability and is considered so (workplacefairness. org). Any discrimination on the above is wrong and punishable by law. If a female employee is treated differently because of her marriage than one who is married, the affected employee is right in taking action against the employer. Discrimination on basis of nation of origin. In the United Stated, only federal reserved jobs can be advertised as â€Å"for US Nationals Only†.Any other job is open for any individual who has gone through the mandatory requirements of the US Government (districtattorney. com) The opposing view Till now we have considered numerous points against the policy if discrimination, but to better understand the complex situation, a point in fa vour may also be taken, and indeed valid arguments may be put up. For example, any firm, be it government or private, has the right to employ the best professionals in order to further its interests.Thus if the company feels, that a person is getting old, and does not enthuse the same enthusiasm as he used to, it may be argued that it is within its rights to employ someone it feels is young and dynamic and ready to face challenges. It thus breeds a feeling of intense competition that brings out the best in the professional, forcing him to work better. This ‘on the edge’ feeling will foster a will to perform better. Hazardous jobs like army, fire fighting service and the police, need tough physical labour and often there is a real threat to the personnel.It is a fact that men are physically better equipped to face these situations. Thus these institutions may feel that by getting only the best for the job, will help important services like the army and police perform the tasks of fighting and security better. Again the company may feel, that a lady who is pregnant, or who has delivered recently, will not be able to give the commitment that is required. Long hours that a company demands, may not be possible fort the lady. Thus this situation can be argued both ways Summary. It is inhuman to deny a human being the opportunity to succeed in life, and prove himself.Thus why it should make a difference that he is black, or white, or he is above forty, especially when the person is qualified for his position, is incomprehensible. No argument is possible to defend someone who denies a job to a woman, just because she is married, or has delivered. Pregnancy is a universal truth, how can society be so cruel. All said and done, work place discrimination is a blot on the very existence of society, and all measures, be it legal, or legislative must be taken to ensure that this does not take place.

Critical Thinking and B. Correct Essay Example

Critical Thinking and B. Correct Essay Example Critical Thinking and B. Correct Essay Critical Thinking and B. Correct Essay Essay Topic: Critical Thinking Brenda Del Moral| 2nd amp; 7th pd. | Rationales| 14. A. Incorrect, the first paragraph does not distinguish between two topics. B. Correct, because the first paragraph defines â€Å"genius†, an abstract idea. C. Incorrect, the paragraph does not offer a theorem about nature. D. Incorrect, is not present a contrast. E. Incorrect, the first paragraph does not cite a common misconception among critics 15. A. Incorrect, because the speaker does not talk about Rousseau’s precision. B. Correct, the speaker is critical Rousseau’s subjectivity. C. Incorrect, the speaker is not critical of Rousseau’s sympathy. D. Incorrect, the speaker does not mention Rousseau’s ambition. E. Incorrect, because the speaker does not mention aloofness. 16. A. Incorrect, the Paradise Lost does not reflect conflict between thought and feelings. B. Incorrect, the Paradise Lost is not meant to be an example of a work of genius. C. Incorrect, the Paradise does not draw a distinction between ordinary people and poets. D. Correct, the Paradise Lost is a work that reveals the views of its author. 17. A. Correct, the speaker says that Shakespeare’s is not bias, so that sets him apart. B. Incorrect, the speaker does not distinguish Shakespeare’s for his compassion towards humanity. C. Incorrect, the speaker does not emphasize Shakespeare’s ability to create new poetic forms. D. Incorrect, Shakespeare’s ability to manipulate poetic forms is not emphasized by the speaker. E. Incorrect, Shakespeare’s ability to imagine fantastic worlds and situations are not distinguished by the speaker. 18. A. Incorrect, the phrase does not suggest Shakespeare’s exploration of poetic forms. B. Correct, the phrase suggests Shakespeare’s ability to empathize. C. Incorrect, the phrase does not suggest Shakespeare’s capacity for critical judgment. D. Incorrect, the phrase does not suggest Shakespeare’s interest in originally in art. E. Incorrect, the phrase does not suggest Shakespeare’s interpretation of works by others. 19. A. Incorrect, the statement is not an example of a verbal irony. B. Incorrect, the statement is not an example of an understatement. C. Incorrect, the statement does not represent punning. D. Correct, the statement is a metaphorical allusion. E. Incorrect, the statement is not an example of proof by extended example.

Age of Acquisition The WritePass Journal

Age of Acquisition Abstract Age of Acquisition : 209) the two bases of familiarity, novelty and preference elicit varied reaction across different categories of objects. The participants rated their preference based on the age of the acquired face and familiarity of the face. In a given sub-block one picture was shown in each of the trials thus became familiar. The other image was new in each of the trials so it was novel. The pictures of the same personality at different ages were also shown in a novel manner. The experiment tested three different types of pictures: familiar faces, early versus late acquired faces and a control tool. The respondents preferred repeated faces in the face stimuli as the experiment progressed. For the personality scenes, the new faces became preferred against the old faces. The control tool had no strong preference as bias was universal in either direction. In the study by Moore et al. (2004: 423), the findings showed that familiarity and novelty preference between the personality faces replicated across various conditions as opposed to this study which had inconsistent results especially on the novel preference. This implies that repeated stimulus ought to have increased rather than decreased. The study thus cannot explain the cause of the inconsistency based on the type of stimulus as there is existence of a wide range of exposure on varied stimulus like words and photographs. The effects of exposure on the desired preference may be altered by performing a desired judgment on every presentation (Moore and Valentine 1998: 490). Moore et al (2004: 422) states that explicit evaluation is possible in the performed task in the trial which may lead to a stronger habituation as compared to repeated stimuli which leads to novelty preference for the early acquired faces of the personalities. This therefore streams the hypothesis for the reaction time that familiarity preferences rely on automatic processing while novelty preferences demand a controlled cognitive processing (Morrison and Ellis 2000: 172). The present study was controlled by one major hypothesis: different kinds of tasks may lead to varied types of memory processing which can cause different effects on familiarity and novelty preferences. The present study relied on familiarity and novelty as its dependent variable while geometric pictures were used as the control tool in the study. The main objectiv e of the present study was to examine the reaction time to face processing as a familiarity decision (Smith et al. 2012: 205). The independent variable of the study was to examine the extent at which segregation for novel and familiar faces can be formed due to exposure. Methods Participants 115 adults, who included both the graduates and undergraduate students, from London South Bank University took part in the study. All the respondents were not acquainted with knowledge about the purpose of this study. Out of 115 participants only 114 respondents turned up for the study. The study had 66.7% female respondents with 33.3% male. The participants had mean age error of .807 with a Standard Deviation of 8.658. The study comprised both UK and International students. The London South Bank University committee for protecting human subjects confirmed and approved this experiment. Later, all the participants were given an informed consent. Stimuli The present AoA study used IBM Compatible computers using Superlabs (Cedius Corporation) software which helped in storing the raw data (Morrison and Ellis 2000: 169). The experiment opted to incorporate a 20-inch LaCie monitor was controlled by a Dell computer. The experiment used a similar attractiveness pre-testing data and visual stimuli like that used by Moore et al. (2004: 431). The experiment used three categories of pictures: 10 early-acquired famous people pictures, 10 late-acquired famous people pictures and 20 unfamiliar pictures like geometric figures. Geometric elicit little choice bias thus was preferred in this experiment as a control tool. The faces of the personalities were generated by use of FaceGen into four major sub-categories based on the race (Barry and Johnston 2006: 90). The software categorized the faces into African, European, Asian and Indian with two distinct gender relations that is; male and female and further into young and old categories. The pictures of the personalities were black and white photos collected from various online sources. The pictures were divided into eight subcategories: footballers, politicians, show biz, comedians, religious leaders, celebrities, actors and actress and journalists. MathWorks Inc., a Matlab program generated the Geometric figures into Fourier descriptors which came up with four categories with properties such as simple versus complex and symmetry versus asymmetry (Morrison and Ellis 2000: 178). The AoA experiment categorized the geometric figures into eight distinct categories. In each of the subcategory of images, there were 20 pictures and the picture that had the median attractiveness rating was chosen as the ‘old’ picture. The experiment used this scheme to avoid introducing unwanted bias in the familiar or novel stimuli. Design The present AoA study sought a within-subject design. This is due to the fact that similar subjects, such as early-acquired and late acquired pictures, were used. Furthermore, the experiment comprised two major phases: a preference judgment phase and an experienced phase. The preference judgment phase consisted of 10 trials in each category and 20 trials for all the categories. Each of the preference judgment had eight subcategories while the experience phase had 20 trials with eight subcategories (Moore et al 2004: 427). The categories of pictures were run in each of the phases and blocks were assigned to each participant in the experiment. 8 subcategories were later run in each of the given blocks. Out of the 20 available subcategories of the faces assigned to each of the participants, 10 faces emerged from the participant’s race. All 8 subcategories were used in the geometric figures. In the blocks, the order of each subcategory was randomized. Procedure The participants viewed the pictures in the experience phase with an unlimited and self-paced viewing time frame for each of the trials. The participants were encouraged to take glances on each of the shown pictures. The participants were encouraged to be serious to the given stimuli as they were provided with a questionnaire which had Yes/No answer. However, the participants were not aware of the judgment phase until after the experiment. The participants were requested to make a relative judgment on the given pairs of pictures. The experiment used a 7-point scale where respondents were asked made their verdict with a rating of 1-3 on the left and a rating of -1 to -3 on the right. Zero point indicated no response on the given set of picture (Barry and Johnston 2006: 203). The participants were shown pictures sized 256Ãâ€"256 randomly. Two sets of pictures, that is old versus new were shown side by side. The pictures were randomly shown on either left or right in a random manner. The central point of each picture was located at 10 ° of the given visual angle. Face pictures were located at 12 ° Ãâ€" 12 ° with geometry pictures shown at 17 ° Ãâ€" 12 °. Later a response indicator frame of 36 °Ãƒâ€" 1.5 ° was located below the central point at 12.7 ° in the response phase. The movement of the indicator from 1-3 in either direction indicated a relative preference rating (Moore and Valentine 1998: 507). Results The present study recorded a positive preference rating; the repeated ‘old’ picture was preferred as than the repeated ‘new’ picture. We analyzed the rating of the first preference rating of the sub-blocks. The mean Reaction Time to the early-acquired faces was 887.13 and recorded a Standard Deviation (SD) of 244.691. The present study recorded a mean Reaction Time (RT) to the late-acquired celebrities of 963.28 and a Standard Deviation of 283.463. More so, the present study recorded a mean RT to unfamiliar faces of 1021.18 and SD of 276.448. A repeated mean measure of the faces against the image category revealed a huge significant difference among the three image categories. To evaluate if there was a significant choice bias towards the novel or familiar pictures, we tested the sign test for the two entries. The results indicated a negative z-score for the mean RT to late-acquired faces against the mean RT to early-acquired faces of -5.782. The sign test f or the two categories indicated a significant value of .000. The results indicated that familiar celebrities’ faces were significantly preferred with mean RT to late-acquired faces showing a negative difference of 26 which implies that mean RT to late-acquired faces is less than the mean RT to early acquired faces. The present study indicated zero frequency between the mean RT to late-acquired faces and the mean RT to early-acquired faces. Discussion The above results showed preference for the familiar celebrities faces with no preference bias towards novelty or familiarity. There was no preference over control tool (geometric figures) after the 20 repetitions to each ‘old’ picture. Recent studies indicate that natural/control tool is inconsistent with exposure effect where repeated pictures were preferred (Moore and Valentine 1998: 510). The present study sought to explain why there was no exposure effect for the control tool/geometric figures. This can arise due to the way the stimuli were presented. The present study presented the images side-by-side while Barry Johnston (2006: 80) state that in the mere exposure effect, one picture is presented at a time. In a study by Smith et al (2012: 209), there was no novelty preference bias in the control tool and development of a novelty preference for the control tool requires a detailed performance of preference judgment during exposure. The present study omitted the preference task but instead used 20 trials which failed to elicit a significant preference bias (Morrison and Ellis 2000: 178). The results in the present study suggested that familiarity preference can be induced by passive perceptual exposure but for novelty preference to occur there must be some certain level of selection or processing. This implies that task-context of different experience has varied preferences which ought to be accounted for to help understand other novelty and familiarity mechanisms. From the present study, it is evident that differences between novelty preference for control tool and familiarity preference may be avoided through omitting the object categories and the task-context experience (Morrison and Ellis 2000: 171). Similar study with same variables ought to be carried out in the presence of financial or commercial relationship and measure its effect on the results. Bibliography Barry, C. and Johnston, R. A. (2006).Age of Acquisition Effects in Word and Object Processing. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press. Moore, V. and Valentine, T. (1998). The Effect of Age of Acquisition on Speed and Accuracy of Naming Famous Faces. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51A (3), 485-513. Moore, V., Smith-Spark, J. H. and Valentine, T. (2004). The Effects of Age of Acquisition on   Ã‚  Object Perception. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16(3), 417-439. Morrison, C. M. and Ellis, A. W. (2000). Real Age of Acquisition Effects in Word Naming and Lexical Decision. British Journal of Psychology, 91, 167-180. Smith-Spark, J. H., Moore, V. and Valentine, T. (2012). Long-Term Age of Acquisition Effects in Famous Name Processing. ActaPsychologica, 139, 202-211. Smith-Spark, J. H., Moore, V., Valentine, T. and Sherman, S. M. (2006). Stimulus Generation, Ratings, Phoneme Counts, and Group Classifications for 696 Famous People by British Adults Aged over 40 Years. Behavior Research Methods, 38(4), 590-597.